绞胎三彩制作技艺——孟津县

申报地区：孟津县 2020年08月 第5批

张家彩陶烧制技艺始于1826年，已传承191余年，经七代相传，至今兴盛不衰。“家族作坊”在当下中国，乃至世界，已成为一种珍贵的文化符号，父子相承的形式，实际上保证了家族作坊文化，得以保存延续，形成文化遗产。张家彩陶由于工艺复杂，制作难度大，因此其产品、产量在很大程度上受到限制。张氏家族居住于河南省洛阳市孟津县朝阳镇南石山村，祖上张振富清朝时期开始烧制彩陶琉璃，家族后代继承与发扬。上世纪90年代初修建洛阳至开封路段，发现大量唐代三彩器，第三代家族传承人张天才开始修复唐代彩陶，并在1910年至1920年间成功恢复唐代彩陶烧制技艺，后通过几代人努力，第六代传承人张二孬在1980年左右终于又将失传的唐绞胎陶烧制技艺全面恢复，目前张家彩陶烧制的作品继承与发扬了唐、宋、元不同时期、不同类型的彩陶及绞胎陶作品。

唐代彩陶及绞胎陶的烧制成功，是人们冲脱了隋、唐以前单调青白两色瓷的束缚，是深入到胎骨的“釉下彩绘”。绞胎陶烧制历史悠久，根据史料考证是唐代陶瓷业中的一个新工艺，唐代以前尚未出现，宋“靖康之变”后，随着北宋战乱、金兵入侵，窑火衰退，至元时绝迹，绞胎陶工艺由此失传。绞胎陶在中国日渐走向式微，命若游丝，不幸失传。后经张家几代人努力终将失传已久的中国优秀的非物质文化遗产得以恢复。

历经七代传承的张家彩陶不仅继承了夏、商、周、秦、汉、唐、宋等时期的彩陶艺术精髓，又结合符合当下审美的艺术观点，形成的自己特有的艺术气息，在当下中国，乃至世界，已成为一种珍贵的文化符号。

The Zhangjia colored pottery firing technique began in 1826 and has been passed down for more than 191 years. It has been passed down through seven generations and has been flourishing today. "Family workshops"has become a precious cultural symbol in the present China and even the world. The form of inheritance between father and son actually guarantees the preservation and continuity of the family workshop culture, forming a cultural heritage. Zhangjia colored pottery is very difficult to make due to its complicated craftsmanship, so its products and output are largely restricted, The Zhang family lived in Nanshishan Village, Chaoyang Town, Mengjin County, Luoyang City, Henan Province. The ancestor Zhang Zhenfu began firing colored pottery and colored glaze during the Qing Dynasty, which was inherited and carried forward by the descendants of the family. During the construction of the Luoyang-Kaifeng section in the early 1990s, a large number of Tang Dynasty colored pottery was discovered. Zhang Tiancai, the third-generation family heir, began to restore the Tang Dynasty colored pottery and successfully restored the Tang Dynasty colored pottery firing skills from 1910 to 1920. With the efforts of generations, the sixth-generation inheritor Zhang Ernao finally restored the lost Tang Jiaotai pottery firing technique around 1980. At present, the works made by Zhangjia colored pottery have inherited and carried forward different types of colored pottery and Jiaotai pottery works in different periods of Tang, Song and Yuan, The Zhangjia painted pottery, which has been passed down through seven generations, not only inherits the essence of painted pottery art from the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song and other periods, but also combines the artistic viewpoints in line with the current aesthetics to form its own unique artistic atmosphere which has become a precious cultural symbol in the present China and even the world.