豫西小木作技艺

申报地区：栾川县 2020年08月 第5批

豫西地区传统上把建筑中除承重木构件的制作和安装外，如门、窗、隔断、栏杆、外檐装饰及防护构件、地板、天花（顶棚）、楼梯、龛橱、篱墙、井亭等的木作制作称之为小木作。后经朝代交替，时光推移，把室内外所有的用木料制作的凳椅类，几案类、橱柜类、床塌类、台架类等家具，为屏障之用的围屏、插屏、落地屏风等及农用工具斗、犁、耙、铲等的木工制作统称为小木作。豫西小木作制件用料均来之豫西山区原产木料，常见有松木、柏木、椿木、水曲柳、核桃木、橡子木、杨木、桐木等等，小木作头道工序设计全凭设计师的独具匠心，不仅要设计造型，还包括制件的结构、雕花纹样等。木工制作即生坯制作，其基本流程有划线、开凿、理线、装配、打磨几个环节。雕刻需按设计图样通过铲底、理顺边线、雕刻纹样等，做到跟脚清、花样活翻、层次清晰、有立体感。上漆工共有十几道工序，包括打生坯，刮面漆，打磨砂皮，做颜色，上头胶漆，打磨胶漆，刷头遍生漆，打磨面漆，刷二遍光漆等。制件构成都是靠榫卯技艺，不论大小，都不用胶水、钉子，而是以精密巧妙的榫卯技艺来结合部件。豫西小木作手工技艺，是豫西本土各代木匠们历经上千年实践经验积累的智慧结晶，符合当地人们生活生产风俗习惯。

In the west of Henan Province, besides load-bearing wood components, the woodwork refers to doors, windows, floor screens, railings, external eaves and protective components,floors, ceilings(ceilings), stairs, niches, fences, well pavilions and other wood products. With passage of time, all indoor and outdoor furniture made of wood, such as benches and chairs, teapoy, cabinets, ancient beds, jack horse other furniture, are generally referred to as small woodware. The materials for small wood product in western Henan are all from local pine, cypress, toon, walnut, acorn, poplar, phoenix wood and others. The vividness and three-dimensionality of the woodware requires designer's ingenuity in designing the shape, carving marking lines, chiseling, assemblying and polishing. As far as the painting work is concerned, more than ten procedures like surface polishing,color making, scraping varnishing and paint rubbing are involved. The components are fixed together by mortise and tenon rather than glue or nail, which highlights the wisdom of local carpenters of many generations.